🔹Aging is a natural, progressive decline in physiological function, which increases the vulnerability of cells and tissues to oxidative stress.
This oxidative stress is closely linked to the onset of various age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.
🔹Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to detoxify these reactive intermediates.
🔸 Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary source of increased ROS, leading to oxidative damage to macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids.
🔸 The types of ROS and RNS are superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide.
These reactive species are essential for various cellular signaling pathways but can cause significant damage when overproduced, especially in aging cells.
🔹The body’s defense against oxidative stress includes enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamins C and E. These antioxidants neutralize ROS and RNS, preventing cellular damage.
🔹Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD): Oxidative stress is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, leading to endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, and atherosclerosis.
🔹Neurodegenerative Diseases: Oxidative damage is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, where it leads to protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal death.
🔹Diabetes: Aging and oxidative stress contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes by impairing insulin signaling and promoting beta-cell dysfunction.
🔹Cancer: Chronic oxidative stress can cause DNA mutations, leading to cancer development.
🔹Lipid peroxidation products like malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein oxidation markers like carbonyl groups... These biomarkers help in assessing the extent of oxidative damage in age-related diseases.
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